Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It differs from a normal stress response in that the distress persists for months or years, disrupting daily life.
Key takeaways
- Symptoms fall into four broad patterns: intrusion (flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance (steering clear of reminders), negative shifts in mood or thinking, and a heightened state of alertness that makes sleep and concentration difficult.
- Diagnosis depends on the symptom pattern, duration, functional impact and relationship to trauma, while depression and substance use also need assessment.
- Trauma-focused psychological therapy is central; selected antidepressants may help some people but require follow-up for response and adverse effects.
The listings below do not diagnose PTSD or replace trauma-informed assessment; medicine choice depends on dominant symptoms, other conditions and patient preference.
How does PTSD affect daily life?
Intrusive memories, nightmares, avoidance, emotional numbness, irritability and hypervigilance can disrupt sleep, relationships and work. Symptoms can begin soon after trauma or later. Similar experiences during the first weeks may form part of an acute stress response, so duration and impairment matter.
What does treatment involve?
Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing are established psychological options. Some antidepressants, including sertraline, may be considered for persistent symptoms or coexisting depression or anxiety. Treatment should account for sleep, substance use and personal readiness to discuss trauma.
When to seek urgent care
Seek urgent mental-health help for suicidal thoughts, intent to self-harm, immediate danger, severe dissociation or inability to stay safe. New chest pain, fainting or serious breathing difficulty should receive physical assessment rather than being assumed to be a trauma response.